PHARMA BCQ-ANESTHESIA

ANSWER: c) is used to maintain epidural anesthesia.

DESCRIPTION

Bupivacaine is an anesthetic which is used as continuous epidural analgesia in labor. It starts its action slowly but the action lasts long. It works in 15 minutes and the effect persists for about 8 hours. It is used as freeze epidural anesthesia. Xylocaine is the brand name of Lidocaine which is used in dentistry.

PHARMA QUIZ- NASAL PREPARATION

ANSWER: e) Nasonex

DESCRIPTION

Both Nasonex and Rhinocort contain corticosteroid.

Rhinocort Aqua contains Budesonide is a steroid used in allergic rhinitis, asthma, congestion; it is available as nasal spray.

Molcer contains docusate sodium used to remove ear wax.

Otrivine contains xylometazoline is used as topical nasal decongestant. It is available as nasal spray.

Nasonex contains mometasone furoate monohydrate, is a glucocorticosteroid used in asthma, allergic rhinitis.

Emadine contains Emedastine difumarate is antihistamine, is used in ophthalmic solution to treat allergic conjunctivitis.

Sudafed contains pseudoephedrine is a decongestant used to treat hay fever, runny nose, rhinitis.

PHARMA BCQ-INSOMNIA

ANSWER: a) Buspar

DESCRIPTION

Insomnia is habitual sleeplessness or inability to fall asleep. There is a different no. of medicines given to induce sleep.

Stilnoct is Zolpidem is used in the treatment of insomnia.

Diazepam is a benzodiazepine which is also used to induce sleep.

Heminevrin contains Clomethiazole is also sedative and hypnotic medicine.

Buspar contains Buspirone is anxiolytic psychotropic drug which used to treat short-term anxiety. It is not related to benzodiazepine or barbiturate.

Phenergan is Promethazine is first generation antihistamine of the phenothiazine family which is used to induce sleep in insomnia.

PHARMA BCQ- CONTACT DERMATITIS

ANSWER: b) Hydrocortisone

DESCRIPTION

Contact Dermatitis is inflammation of the skin, due to exposure to the allergen or irritant. Phototoxic dermatitis appears when allergen or irritant producing dermatitis on exposure to sunlight. Hydrocortisone cream can be used once or twice daily for a period of one week for contact dermatitis.

Eurax is Crotamiton treats severe itching.

Canesten HC cream contains clotrimazole an antifungal agent and hydrocortisone which is anti-inflammatory agent.

Clarityn tablets contain Loratadine which is antihistamine used to treat the symptoms of hay fever and hives.

Pevaryl cream contains econazole which is antifungal medicine.

PHARMA QUIZ-BCQ- ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES

ANSWER:  a) it contains norgestimate

DESCRIPTION

Cilest contains ethinyl estradiol and norgestimate. It is a contraceptive medicine. Cilest contains ethinyl estradiol which is similar to estrogen and norgestimate which is similar to progesterone that are produced naturally in the body.

Yasmin is also birth control pill containing ethinyl estradiol and Drospirenone.  Ethinyl estradiol is a derivative of naturally occurring 17-βestradiol. Drospirenone is a steroidal progestin used in some birth control pills.

These both are oral combined contraceptive pills available as tablets, which is taken once daily for 21 days and is also contraindicated in patients with venous thromboembolic disorder. Cilest differs from Yasmin in the steroidal progestin that Cilest contains norgestimate whereas Yasmin contains Drospirenone.

PHARMA QUIZ-BCQ-HPV

ANSWER: e) is used at the age of 9 years and onwards

DESCRIPTION

Gardasil is a recombinant vaccine, is used against human papilloma virus (HSV), which is responsible to cause papilloma or warts, can even lead to cervical, vaginal, anal or penile malignancies. Gardasil is a quadrivalent vaccine effective against certain strains of human papilloma virus such as 6, 11, 16 and 18. Gardasil is administered in three injections in a period of six months. It is preffered to to be given at the age of 9 to 26 years. It is administered by intramuscular route. There are over 170 strains of HPV, out of which 40 are transmitted via sexual contact, of which strains 6 and 11 causes genital warts. Gardasil is used prophylactically against genital precancerous form. As the vaccine does not provide protection against all the strains, so cervical screening is recommended periodically. The exact period of protecting against virus is not established well but estimated to be six years.

PHARMA QUIZ-BCQ-HSV

ANSWER: b) Dental caries

DESCRIPTION   

    

Herpes labialis is caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV), in simple terms called as cold sores, which is the outbreak appearing on the lips or around the mouth. The outbreaks usually heal within 2-3 weeks, the episodes may occur once to thrice in a year, or may be twelve times in a year. The episodes may decrease with time.

The factors that precipitate herpes labialis include immunosuppression, heat of the sun; trauma of the lips, also cold precipitates the infection. Immunosuppressed patients are more prone to viral infections so more chances of herpes labialis precipitation. Cold producing fever and respiratory tract infection also promotes to the cause. Dental caries has nothing to do with herpes labialis.

PHARMA QUIZ- BCQ- ANTI-VIRAL DRUG

ANSWER: d) is a pro-drug of penciclovir

DESCRIPTION  

        

Famciclovir is antiviral drug. It is a pro-drug of penciclovir and has improved bioavailability than penciclovir. It is indicated in various herpes virus infections, especially for the treatment of varicella zoster virus, commonly called as shingles, which are characterized by skin rashes with painful blisters.  

Valaciclovir is the ester of aciclovir.

PHARMA QUIZ-BCQ-CONTROLLED DRUGS

ANSWER: e) Diazepam

DESCRIPTION

Some drugs are in controlled use under the Drug Legislation because of the misuse or abuse of it, these drugs are known as controlled drugs.

Pethidine is opioid analgesic, to treat moderate to severe pain.

Morphine is also opioid analgesic to treat moderate to severe pain, it produces more physical dependency than Pethidine.

Diazepam is a benzodiazepine drug, used as sedative, hypnotic and anxiolytic.

Alfentanil is a potent synthetic opioid analgesic used to produce anesthesia in surgery, it is analogue of fentanyl but it is less potent than fentanyl and more rapid in producing action than fentanyl.

Remifentanil is another potent, synthetic opioid analgesic, used in surgical procedures.

Above, all mentioned opioid analgesics are controlled drugs that are Pethidine, Morphine, Alfentanil and Remifentanil. Diazepam is only prescription drug.

PHARMA QUIZ-BCQ-ANTIBIOTICS

ANSWER: c) Mupirocin

DESCRIPTION  

       

Sodium fusidate is used as bacteriostatic antibiotic, given in the form of cream for skin infections, also available as eye drops, it can also be given for systemic infections in the form of tablets or injections.

Vancomycin is given intravenously for systemic infections for the treatment of blood stream infections, severe skin infections, endocarditis, joint and bone infections, meningitis, also used against Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. It is when given orally the drug has poor bioavailability because of poor absorption by mouth.

Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside; it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 30S ribosomal subunit. It is bactericidal antibiotic. It is used in skin infections, eye infections as well as systemic infections.

Mupirocin is used topically for Gram positive organisms, including Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; it is bacteriostatic in low concentrations and bactericidal in high concentrations. It is available in the form of cream or ointment for skin infections.

Doxycycline is an antibiotic used in a number of infections; it is used in syphilis, pneumonia, cholera and various other systemic infections. It can be given either by mouth or intravenously.

PHARMA QUIZ-BCQ-BPH

ANSWER: b) relaxation of smooth muscles

DESCRIPTION:

Alfuzosin is alpha 1 adrenergic antagonist, used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia, by causing relaxation of the muscles of prostate and bladder neck. Side effects include dizziness, headache, fatigue, respiratory tract infection and postural hypotension. It must not be in patients with renal insufficiency, and also not used where the patient has QT prolongation. Alfuzosin as causes relaxation of smooth muscles of prostate and bladder neck eases in urination. The first dose of the drug causes postural hypotension.

PHARMA QUIZ-BCQ-MOTION SICKNESS

ANSWER: a) Motilium

DESCRIPTION

Stugeron is the trade name of Cinnarizine which is a piperazine derivative is actually antihistamine. It is used to treat nausea and vomiting due to motion sickness or sea sickness. It is available as tablets.

Avomine is also available as tablets; it contains the active Promethazine theoclate. Promethazine belongs to phenothiazine family of antihistamine. It is a first generation anti-histamine. It is used as neuroleptic medicine, also used to treat nausea and vomiting associated with motion sickness.

Phenergan is also Promethazine, is anti-histamine used in motion sickness.

Kwells is hyoscine hydrobromide is a muscarininc antagonist used to treat the symptoms of motion sickness.

Motilium is Domperidone, it is selective dopamine antagonist, acts on D₂ and D₃ receptors. It is used to treat nausea and vomiting, used to increase the gastric transit and increases the prolactin release.

Anti-histamines and muscarinic antagonists are used in motion sickness, whereas Motilium, a selective dopamine antagonist cannot treat nausea and vomiting associated with motion sickness.

PHARMA QUIZ-BCQ-RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

ANSWER: a) 10-20 mg/L

DESCRIPTION

Theophylline is a methylxanthine drug which is used as a bronchodilator. It treats wheezing, chest tightness caused by asthma, bronchitis or emphysema. It is also used in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It has structural similarity to theobromine and caffeine. When it is administered intravenously the bioavailability of the drug is 100%. Theophylline is a narrow therapeutic index drug. The target concentration of theophylline for acute obstructive airways is in the range of 10-20mg/L. Initially preferred to maintain the target range of 10mg/L in the treatment, with severe acute airway obstruction target value of 20 mg/L is proved to be efficacious. So, the dose of the drug must be monitored on the routinely basis on the need of the patient. The plasma level of the drug above 20 mg/L produces adverse effects.

PHARMA QUIZ-BCQ-NSAID

ANSWER: b) is effective as Naproxen

DESCRIPTION

Celecoxib is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used as antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory.  It is selective COX-2 inhibitor, hence more effective as anti-inflammatory with least gastric side effects. It is as effective as diclofenac or naproxen which is also non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. It is used in the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis as well as juvenile arthritis but it is not recommended to be used for a longer time for treatment. As it is selective COX-2 inhibitor there are more chances of cardiovascular events such as ischemia or stroke. It is contra-indicated in individuals with preexisting cardiovascular diseases and it is not even preferred to be used in cerebrovascular diseases, as it increases the chances of thrombotic disorders. Mobic is the brand name of Meloxicam which is also a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.

PHARMA QUIZ-BCQ-LITHIUM INTERACTION

ANSWER: b) Paroxetine

DESCRIPTION

Lithium is used to treat manic disorder.

Paroxetine is selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) used as antidepressant, also used to treat generalized anxiety disorder.

Glibenclamide is a class of drug belonging to sulfonylurea; it is used to treat diabetes.

Co-amoxiclav is a combination drug of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, amoxicillin is a β-lactam antibiotic, whereas clavulanic acid is β-lactamase inhibitor, this combination provides increased spectrum of activity to the bacteria’s which are resistant to amoxicillin.

Atenolol is a selective β1 adrenergic blocker, used to treat blood pressure and repeated heart attacks, also reduces the chest pain.

Nifedipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker, used to treat high blood pressure and angina.

Using lithium with paroxetine leads to serotonin syndrome which is increase in the levels of serotonin. Symptoms include muscles rigidity, seizures, diarrhea, vomiting, and tremors. If not rectified can even lead to coma and death, so these two drugs are never recommended to be combined.

PHARMA QUIZ-BCQ-RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM

ANSWER: d) Hydralazine

DESCRIPTION:       

Hydralazine is used as anti-hypertensive drug, it is actually a smooth muscle relaxant, causes vasodilation so reduces blood pressure, also it reduces afterload by decreasing afterload when acting on vascular smooth muscles.

Losartan and Valsartan are ARBs that is Angiotensin II receptor blockers. Angiotensin II which is a more potent form is involved in vasoconstriction, and release of aldosterone and vasopressin. Vasopressin causes additional constriction of blood vessels and retains water in the body, whereas aldosterone conserves water and sodium and hence increases blood pressure. When ARB is used, angiotensin II cannot bind to the receptor, and hence vasodilation, aldosterone and vasopressin are not released and hence lower the blood pressure.

Perindopril and Lisinopril are ACEIs that is Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors.  ACE is an enzyme involved in the conversion of Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II, hence with the use of ACEIs, Angiotensin II is not formed and thus reduction in the blood pressure is achieved.

PHARMA QUIZ-BCQ-LAXATIVE

ANSWER: c) Lactulose

                       

Bisacodyl has structurally similarity to phenolphthalein; it is a derivative of triphenylmethane. It is used to relieve constipation especially in neurogenic bowel dysfunction, also preferred to be used before colonoscopy. Neurologic bowel dysfunction is the condition which is characterized by constipation or incontinence in the evacuation of the bowel due to spinal cord injury affecting overall quality of life.

Senna is also used to relieve constipation, it is actually used as non-prescription drug, and it is also used in irritable bowel syndrome and in hemorrhoids.

Magnesium Sulfate is orally when used; it is used as saline laxative.

Lactulose is a semi-synthetic disaccharide, used orally in the treatment of constipation, it takes a long time to produce action that is about eight to twelve hours, and effect is best prominent in two days.

Liquid paraffin is also used to relieve constipation, but it is not occasionally used, as it causes irritation to the anus and also interferes in the absorption of the fat-soluble vitamins.

Bisacodyl and Senna cannot be used for long term period as it causes non-functioning atonic colon, magnesium salts on the other hand are useful for rapid evacuation of the bowel, even magnesium salts and liquid paraffin are not preferred for long term use, and in case of elderly and bedridden the treatment is needed for a long period, so the best option is the use of Lactulose which is a semi-synthetic disaccharide, which can be given for a long time in management of constipation.

PHARMA QUIZ-BCQ-GUT

ANSWER: d)

DESCRIPTION:

Vaginal candidiasis can be caused by either bacteria or fungi. During the pregnancy having high estrogen levels increases the chance of vaginal candidiasis, which may lead to preterm birth.

With diabetes, if it is  not controlled properly increases the chances of candidiasis and once it spreads it is difficult to control, keeping glucose levels in range is effective in managing candidiasis.

Vaginal candidiasis with fever and abdominal pain indicates that the organism is affecting the kidney and ureters.

Vaginal discharge is a common symptom which does not need referral, whereas in pregnancy, diabetes, fever and abdominal pain in order to prevent the severity associated needs referral.

PHARMA QUIZ-BCQ- FLU MEDICINE

ANSWER: d) Day Nurse

DESCRIPTION

UNIFLU

It contains Phenylephrine HCl, Ascorbic Acid,Paracetamol, Codeine, Caffeine and Diphenhydramine. Uniflu is used in the seasonal fight against flu.Diphenhydramine is first generation antihistamine, used as anti-allergic and sedative agent. Phenylephrine is used as nasal decongestant; Phenylephrine is less effective than pseudephedrine as nasal decongestant. Ascorbic acid is vitamer of Vitamin C. Codeine as opioid analgesic and antitussive. 

ACTIFED

It contains Dextromethorphan and Pseudoephedrine as major active ingredients. Pseudoephedrine acts as nasal decongestant and Dextromethorphan as antitussive.

XYZAL

It contains Levocetrizine Dihydrochloride, which is a third generation anti-histamine developed from the second generation antihistamine that is cetirizine. It treats hay fever and hives.

VENTOLIN

It contains albuterol which is a short acting beta 2 adrenergic agonist, used in the treatment of asthma, COPD, bronchitis and other related pulmonary diseases.

DAY NURSE

It contains Pseudoephedrine, Pholcodine, and Paracetamol. Pseudoephedrine is used as nasal decongestant, Paracetamol as antipyretic, and analgesic. Pholcodine is an opioid analgesic as well as cough suppressant.

PHENERGAN

It contains promethazine, is a first generation anti-histamine. It is sedative and weak anti-psychotic agent used to treat insomnia, morning sickness as antiemetic and also has anticholinergic activity.

PHARMA QUIZ-BCQ-MEDICATION ORDER

ANSWER: e) pets at home

DESCRIPTION:           

A medication record is the collected data containing the name, age, gender of the patient, along with this contains the diagnosis, current medications, related allergies, in order to prevent the dangerous side effects with the use of medications as well as preventing the prescription of contraindicated drugs, and also to avoid the prescription of same generics with different brand names. Medication record is used everywhere around the globe, with the advancements in technology the records are now maintained in the operating software.

Pharma Quiz-BCQ- Allergic Rhinitis

ANSWER: e) Osteocytes

DESCRIPTION:

In seasonal allergic rhinitis which is also called as hay fever, which is characterized by runny nose, red eyes, usually the color of the fluid discharge from the nose is transparent. This happens on exposure to the allergen. The levels of mast cells and basophils increases, also the inflammatory mediators such as leukotrienes and prostaglandins are also released. There is no role of osteocytes; these are the cells which are involved in the formation of bone.

Pharma Quiz-BCQ-Anti-Hypertensive Drug

ANSWER: a)

DESCRIPTION

       

Nifedipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker, it causes dilatation of vessels and hence decreases the blood pressure. It interferes with the calcium ions transport inside the membrane in regulating blood pressure. Unlike Verapamil, it is given with Atenolol which is selective beta 1 receptor blocker. Verapamil is L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class.  Nifedipine is available by the brand name of Adalat.

Pharma Quiz-BCQ-Headache

ANSWER:  d) Fever

Headache with slurred speech can be due to neurological damage, stroke, and paralysis of the tongue or throat muscles or facial muscles.

Paraethesia associated with headache is an indicative of neurological damage.

Head ache in association with neck stiffness s an indicative of meningitis, so headache when leading to loss of consciousness, slurred speech, paraethesia and neck stiffness, requires immediate preference for consultation without any delay.