Influenza Virus

Answer: b- Oseltamivir.

Oseltamivir is competitive inhibitor of viral neuraminidase enzyme. This enzyme cleaves sialic acid present on the glycoproteins which are present on the surface of the human cells which helps in the release of new virions from the cells. Oseltamivir prevents the release of virions by acting on enzyme neuraminidase.

Alopecia

Answer: d- Minoxidil

Hypertonic Albumin

Answer: c) 25% albumin  

 

Answer: c- Peginterferon alfa

Opioid Phenanthrene Agonist

Answer: d- Morphine

 

 

Answer: a- Progesterone

GABA Inhibitor

Answer: b –Vigabatrin

Vigabatrin is used to treat epilepsy, it works by inhibiting degradation of GABA which is inhibitory neurotransmitter.

 

Answer: c-Valaciclovir

Valaciclovir is a prodrug; it is esterified version of aciclovir, which is used in the treatment to herpes zoster and herpes simplex viral infections.

Biotech Product for Breast Cancer

 

Anwer: d- Trastuzumab               

Trastuzumab is monoclonal antibody used in the treatment of breast cancer.

Rifinah, Vitamin D, Leprosy

Answer: b- Rifampicin and Isoniazid

Answer: b- Captopril

Captopril is angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor which is eliminated by the kidneys via tubular secretion.

Answer: b- Calcipotriene

Calcipotriene is a synthetic derivative of calcitriol which is used in psoriatic skin conditions; it is safe to be used for a long term in psoriatic condition.

Answer: e- Clofazimine

Clofazimine is used with Rifampicin and Dapsone to treat Leprosy.

 

 
Answer: a- Pantothenic Acid

Pantothenic acid also called Vitamin B5 which is required for the synthesis of CoA and also synthesis and metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and fats.

Aplastic Anemia, Ototoxicity, Oxazolidinone Antibiotic,Quinipristin/ Dalfopristin Ratio

Answer: a- Chloramphenicol

Aplastic anemia is a condition in which your body does not produce sufficient blood cells. The most serious side effect of chloramphenicol treatment is it causes aplastic anemia.

Answer: c- Gentamicin

Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside; it causes ototoxicity as side effect.

Answer: e- Linezolid

Linezolid is synthetic antibacterial, first of the Oxazolidinone class, used for multi-resistant bacteria such as streptococcus and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).   

Answer: c- 3 parts to 7 parts

They are a combination of antibiotics which are used in the treatment of bacterial infections; they are used in a weight to weight ratio of 30% quinipristin to 70% dalfopristin. 

Answer: e- Erythromycin

Panic Disorder, Macrolide Antibiotic, Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Answer: c- Phenelzine

Answer: d- Erythromycin

Answer: b- Alemtuzumab

Alemtuzumab is a monoclonal antibody that binds to CD52, a protein that is present on the surface of the mature lymphocytes but not on the lymphocytes derived from the stem cells. These CD52 bearing lymphocytes are then targeted for destruction.

Answer: d- Acetohexamide

Acetohexamide is N-sulfonylurea, which is intermediate acting sulfonylurea. It is a member of acetophenones. It is metabolized in liver to its active metabolite that is hydroxyhexamide. It acts as a hypoglycemic agent and an insulin secretagogue.

Answer: b- Clarithromycin

AD,Lyme's Disease, Broad Spectrum Penicillin

Answer: a- Memantine

Memantine is low affinity voltage dependent uncompetitive glutamatergic NMDA receptor antagonist.

Answer: e- Vitamin E

Answer: d- Doxycycline

Lyme disease is infectious disease caused by bacterium which enters the body by the bite of ticks, causing redness in the area. The rash cannot be painful or itchy. Early treatment involves the oral use of doxycycline.

Answer: b- Co-amoxiclav

Co-amoxiclav is a broad spectrum peniciilin. Co-amoxiclav is a combination of amoxicillin a beta lactam antibiotic and potassium clavulanate as beta lactamase inhibitor.

Answer: d- 154 mEq

One liter of 0.9% of Normal Saline contains 154 mEq of sodium ion= 154 mmol. 154 mEq of chloride ion= 154 mmol.

Smoking cessation, Opioid Withdrawal, AD

Answer: d- Bupropion hydrochloride.

Bupropion hydrochloride is antidepressant which is also used in smoking cessation by reducing cravings and other withdrawal effects.

Answer: a- Lofexidine hydrochloride.

Lofexidine hydrochloride is used commonly in the management of physical symptoms associated with opioid withdrawal.

Answer: b- Donepezil

Donepezil is used in Alzheimer’s disease. It has a small benefit in mental function and ability to function.

Answer: c- Mannitol.

Answer: e- Calcitonin.

Paget’s disease is a bone disease characterized by enlarged and misshapen bones. Calcitonin is associated with increased risk for cancer, so it must be used for a short time in Paget’s disease.

Gilles de la Tourette,Erectile Dysfunction, Huntington's Disease, Spasmodic torticollis, Alcohol Dependence

Answer: c- Sulpiride

Gilles de la Torette syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder that occurs in childhood. It is characterized by multiple motor tics and at least one vocal tic. Sulpiride is atypical antipsycotic which can be used in this syndrome.   

 Answer: b- Sildenafil

Answer: b- Tetrabenazine

Huntington’s chorea is inherited disorder characterized by gradual death of brain cells. Tetrabenazine is use d to treat chorea associated due to Huntington’s disease.

Answer: a- Botulinum toxin

Spasmodic torticollis is painful chronic neurological movement disorder causes neck to involuntarily move left, right, backward or upward. Botulinum toxin in the form of injection in the dystonic musculature is used in the treatment of spasmodic torticollis; most often type A botulinum toxin is used.   

 

Answer: e- Disulfiram

Disulfiram is used to treat chronic alcoholism by producing acute sensitivity to ethanol ( drinking alcohol).

Tetracyclines, Epilepsy Medicine, Antioxidant, Parkinsonism, Oxalate Stones

e) Antacids

Answer: b) Carbamazepine
Carbamazepine is anticonvulsant medication used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy and neuropathic pain.

Answer: a) Selenium

Answer: a and d- Pramipexole and Entacapone

Pramipexole is non ergot dopamine agonist and Entacapone is Catechol-O-Methyl Transferase (COMT) inhibitor, are used to treat the symptoms of Parkinson's disease.

b) Ascorbic Acid
Excess consumption of Vitamin C causes kidney stones, as vitamin C is excreted by the kidneys in oxalate form.

Acute to Chronic Pain

1.   Answer:  Addressing sleep disorders can help reduce risk of developing chronic pain disorders.

     An individual's experience with pain varies from person to person, and can depend on interaction among a number of factors, including biological, psychological, and societal processes. A significant number of patients with acute pain often develop persistent chronic pain after the initial illness or injury is resolved. Several studies have shown a positive association between sleep and chronic pain conditions, showing that sleep problems are strong predictors of pain. Biopsychosocial management of pain includes consideration of the patient's history, comorbidities, psychosocial vulnerabilities, and social environment. A multidisciplinary team approach integrating physicians, psychologists, and physical therapists is often necessary to treat and address the multitude of ways pain can affect a patient.

Young Adults At risk of Cardiovascular Disease

Answer: b

Identifying young adults at risk could inform patient-provider discussion about the potential benefits of preventive lipid-lowering efforts during early midlife.
The findings suggest that most young adults with high non-HDL-C continue to have it during their life course, significantly increasing their CVD risk. Early lipid monitoring before age 40 years would identify most young adults who have a high likelihood for lifetime elevation of lipids and high long-term CVD risk. Using conventional algorithms that emphasize age, very few would be at sufficiently high risk to qualify for statin therapy. However, for every 8 people treated with statin therapy in the high non-HDL group in this study, 1 cardiovascular event would be prevented (number needed to treat=8). Intensive lifestyle changes can lower triglycerides and LDL-C in most young adults with elevated non-HDL-C, thereby lowering CVD risks. If these are ineffective, clinicians should consider statins, icosapent ethyl, or other pharmacotherapy as primary prevention, although there are no outcome data supporting this.

Non-HDL Cholesterol Related Cardiovascular Events

Answer: c

On the basis of 2 measurements collected between ages 25 and 40 years, participants could reliably be assigned to high (one quarter of the total sample) and low (one third of the total sample) non-HDL-C groups. During the 30-year life course, lipid level trajectories were generally stable, and mean non-HDL-C measured in young adulthood was highly predictive of levels later in life. Among participants with non-HDL-C <130 mg/dL at the first 2 examinations, 88% remained below 160 mg/dL at subsequent 25-year testing. Risk for CVD in the next 25 years was 22.6% in participants with high non-HDL-C in young adulthood and 6.4% in those with low non-HDL-C.

5HT3 Receptor Antagonist

Answer: a –Ondansetron

Ondansetron is serotonin 5HT3 receptor antagonist.

Wakefulness Alert Drug

Answer: c- Modafinil

Modafinil is eugeroic (wakefulness promoting drug) which is used in the treatment of narcolepsy, shift work sleep disorder or obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

Mortality of Hyperkalemia and Hypokalemia

Answer: d- Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia both are associated with an increased risk of mortality.

Hyperkalemia and hypokalemia both are associated with increased risk of mortality, bit in patients with chronic kidney disease hyperkalemia spikes more often, so hyperkalemia is needed to be treated and corrected whereas hypokalemia is considered negligible.